Congress of Vatican States

'''The Congress of Vatican States is the repository of the legislative power of Vatican States. It is a bicameral body, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 100 members who represent a congressional district that they serve for a biennium. The positions are divided into 5 by state.'''

'''Instead, each state has 4 Senators. There are 8 senators, who serve at least one six-year term; being renewed by thirds every two years. Both the representatives and the senators are today elected by the people, although in some states the governor can appoint a substitute in the event that the position of a Senator from his state is vacant.'''

'''Article One of the Constitution of the Vatican States puts all the legislative powers of the government in Congress. Its powers are limited to those listed in the Constitution; the rest belong to the states, the other two powers and the people. The powers of Congress include the authority to regulate interstate and international commerce, make laws, establish federal courts below the Supreme Court, maintain the Armed Forces, and declare war. The Constitution also includes a necessary clause that gives Congress the power to "make all the necessary and proper laws to execute future powers" which is called the Elastic Clause and allows it to adapt to changing times - such as Nuclear Energy, Aviation, etc. . The general purposes that are outlined in the Preamble have also been interpreted as an authorization of the Acts of Congress.'''

'''The Senate is almost entirely equal to the ruling House of Representatives, and is not a "review chamber" like the Upper Houses of bicameral parliaments in other countries. However, there are exclusive powers of each chamber: only the Senate can approve or reject the persons designated by the President for positions in the military power. It can also ratify treaties, while the laws related to taxes must originate in the House as it is more representative than the Senate, both houses meet in the Parliament building, in Rome.'''

= Relevant Data = Creation: September 25, 1800

Type: Bicameral

Upper House: Senate

Lower House: House of Representatives

Session Start: January 1, 2018

President of the Upper House: Patrizio Lucciano (Deputy Prime Minister)

President of the Lower House: Aloisia Sagese

Upper House Majority: Republican Party

Majority of the Lower House: Democratic Party

Members: 180 Members (100 Representatives and 80 Senators)

= History = '''The Congress of Vatican States derives from the First Vatican Congress, a meeting between Representatives of the Revolution and the king and his vassals, in the fall of 1800. On July 4, 1803, the Second Vatican Congress declared the New Vatican Constitution, Repeal the Power of the Crown and Officially Declare the borders and the Vatican territory Under the Articles of the States, the Congress was a unicameral organ where each state had equal representation, and in which each state could put vetoes on almost all actions. The ineffectiveness of this federal government led Congress to convene a Convention, which was held in 1817. This was intended to review the Articles of the States, ended up writing a new constitution.'''

'''Cherubino Davide (Prime Minister) wanted a bicameral Congress: a chamber directly elected by the people, and another, superior, elected by the former. The smaller states, however, wanted a unicameral system with equitable representation. Finally a compromise was reached; the House of Representatives would provide proportional representation to the population, and the Senate equitable representation. In order for the Senate to maintain state power, the state legislatures, instead of the people, would choose senators.'''

'''The beginning of the 20th century saw the greatest partisan leadership in both the House and the Senate. In the House of Representatives, the office of President became extremely powerful. The leaders of the Senate were somewhat less powerful; senators still retained most of their influence. In particular, committee chairs remained strong in both Houses until the 1950 reforms.'''

'''During the long administration of Prime Minister Benvenuto Calabresi (1930-1950), the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress. Republicans and Democrats alternated in control of Congress for the next decade. However, after winning the 1954 elections, the Democratic Party was the majority in the House and Senate for 10 years. The Republicans came to have a majority in 1990, such majority lasted until January 6, 2009, with the exception of the Senate in the period from 2000 to 2003. Between January 4, 2007 and January 3, 2000 Patricia D'Alesandro She was President of the House of Representatives of the Vatican States. This made her the first woman to have held that position.'''

= Members =

Low camera
Guendalina Endrizzi - Vatican Democratic Party

Michelino Lucciano - Vatican Democratic Party

Rodrigo Costa - Vatican Democratic Party

Alessandro Moretti - Vatican Democratic Party

Giacinto Mazzanti - Vatican Democratic Party

Grazia Iadanza - Vatican Democratic Party

Beatrice Siciliano - Vatican Democratic Party

Gianni Padovano - Vatican Democratic Party

Landolfo Duca - Vatican Democratic Party

Felice Giordano - Vatican Democratic Party

Tranquillino Cremonesi - Vatican Democratic Party

Guarino Cattaneo - Vatican Democratic Party

Flavia Pisano - Vatican Democratic Party

Gregorio Fonti - Vatican Democratic Party

Catena Piazza - Vatican Democratic Party

Matteo Marino - Vatican Democratic Party

Guglielmo Piazza - Vatican Democratic Party

Daria Colombo - Vatican Democratic Party

Cirilla Esposito - Vatican Democratic Party

Silvio Fiorentino - Vatican Democratic Party

Abelardo Greco - Vatican Democratic Party

Guarino Milani - Vatican Democratic Party

Fiorenza Lo Duca - Vatican Democratic Party

Letterio Siciliano - Vatican Democratic Party

Italia Piazza - Vatican Democratic Party

Elvia Pagnotto - Vatican Democratic Party

Fabian Zito - Vatican Democratic Party

Smeralda Fallaci - Vatican Democratic Party

Gofreddo Longo - Vatican Democratic Party

Melania Pugliesi - Vatican Democratic Party

Ausonia Rossi - Vatican Democratic Party

Valentino Pisano - Vatican Democratic Party

Luciano DeRose - Vatican Democratic Party

Rosario Folliero - Vatican Democratic Party

Duilio Baresi - Vatican Democratic Party

Filiberto Marchesi - Vatican Democratic Party

Norberto Genovesi - Vatican Democratic Party

Enzo Li Fonti - Vatican Democratic Party

Aladino Lucciano - Vatican Democratic Party

Donnino Calabrese - Vatican Democratic Party

Alvise Costa - Vatican Democratic Party

Napolitana Rosary - Vatican Democratic Party

Gerolamo Mancini - Vatican Democratic Party

Dante Sabbatini - Vatican Democratic Party

Egidio Bianchi - Vatican Democratic Party

Callisto Ferri - Vatican Democratic Party

Piera Trevisan - Vatican Democratic Party

Adalberto Giordano - Vatican Democratic Party

Nicodemo Ferri - Vatican Democratic Party

Federica Toscani - Vatican Democratic Party

Cherubino Lettiere - Vatican Republican Party

Flaviana Lucchese - Vatican Republican Party

Ernesto Toscani - Vatican Republican Party

Costante Ricci - Vatican Republican Party

Placido Bianchi - Vatican Republican Party

Gaetano Buccho - Vatican Republican Party

Taziana Rossi - Vatican Republican Party

Quintina Pisano - Vatican Republican Party

Riccardo Pagnotto - Vatican Republican Party

Sandra Nucci - Vatican Republican Party

Rosanna Sal - Vatican Republican Party

Lucius Pugliesi - Vatican Republican Party

Ella Moretti - Vatican Republican Party

Laura Romani - Vatican Republican Party

Gerardina Sal - Vatican Republican Party

Ramiro Conti - Vatican Republican Party

Lucius Marino - Vatican Republican Party

Ernesto Pirozzi - Vatican Republican Party

Mareta Bellucci - Vatican Republican Party

Catone Siciliano - Vatican Republican Party

Agatino, Bergamaschi - White Supremacist Party

Nunzia, Trevisani - White Supremacist Party

Fifth, Zetticci - White Supremacist Party

Sandro Trevisani - Vatican Green Movement Party

Orlando De Luca - Vatican Green Movement Party

Bartolomeo Bruno - Vatican Green Movement Party

Alfonsa Costa - Vatican Green Movement Party

Casimiro Rizzo - Vatican Green Movement Party

Adelmo Castiglione - Vatican Green Movement Party

Achille Bruno - Vatican Green Movement Party

Lamberto Costa - Vatican Green Movement Party

Aldo Pisano - Vatican Green Movement Party

Tommaso Barese - Vatican Green Movement Party

Oronzo Iadanza - Vatican Green Movement Party

Lealdo Baresi - Vatican Green Movement Party

Ariosto Bergamaschi - Vatican Green Movement Party

Ciro Lucciano - Vatican Green Movement Party

Alighiero Milanesi - Vatican Conservative Party

Eberardo Toscano - Vatican Conservative Party

Fortunato Genovese - Vatican Conservative Party

Ines Marcelo - Vatican Conservative Party

Tommaso Piazza - Vatican Liberal Party

Pupa Palerma - Vatican Liberal Party

Prudenzio Colombo - Vatican Liberal Party

Leardo Lucchesi - Vatican Liberal Party

Tranquilla Rossi - Vatican Liberal Party

Valente Sabbatini - Vatican Liberal Party

Benedetta Pisani - Vatican Liberal Party

Simone Siciliano - Vatican Liberal Party

Elvio Pugliesi - Vatican Liberal Party

High camera
Gherardo Zetticci - Vatican Republican Party

Dina Fiorentini - Vatican Republican Party

Tullia Barese - Vatican Republican Party

Egidio Pinto - Vatican Republican Party

Arnaldo Greece - Vatican Republican Party

Maria Fallaci - Vatican Republican Party

Marcella Cocci - Vatican Republican Party

Wilma Calabresi - Vatican Republican Party

Merigo Lori - Vatican Republican Party

Candida Capon - Vatican Republican Party

Ermenegildo Ricci - Vatican Republican Party

Anastasio Greece - Vatican Republican Party

Phaedrus Manna - Vatican Republican Party

Remigio Genovese - Vatican Republican Party

Callimaco Mancini - Vatican Republican Party

Marcella Bianchi - Vatican Republican Party

Pierina Romano - Vatican Republican Party

Antonietta Fiorentini - Vatican Republican Party

Francesco Pagnotto - Vatican Republican Party

Ileana Onio - Vatican Republican Party

Ilaria Udinese - Vatican Republican Party

Guarino Pisani - Vatican Republican Party

Guglielmo Endrizzi - Vatican Republican Party

Ivana Lettiere - Vatican Republican Party

Rodolfo Cocci - Vatican Republican Party

Bellina Trevisan - Vatican Republican Party

Adalgisa Esposito - Vatican Republican Party

Saverio Lombardo - Vatican Republican Party

Aimone Zetticci - Vatican Republican Party

Nerea Piazza - Vatican Republican Party

Celio Longo - Vatican Republican Party

Cino Marino - Vatican Republican Party

Protasio Napolitani - Vatican Republican Party

Rosaria Calabrese - Vatican Republican Party

Oberto Manna - Vatican Republican Party

Venerando Mazzi - Vatican Republican Party

Luisella Pisano - Vatican Republican Party

Secondo Bruno - Vatican Republican Party

Eleonora Marcelo - Vatican Republican Party

Geraldo Russo - Vatican Republican Party

Virgilio Pisano - Vatican Conservative Party

Dionisio Napolitani - Vatican Conservative Party

Claudia Calabrese - Vatican Conservative Party

Virgilia Trentini - Vatican Conservative Party

Camelia Udinesi - Vatican Conservative Party

Isauro Manfrin - Vatican Conservative Party

Enrico Cattaneo - Vatican Conservative Party

Oberto Greco - Vatican Conservative Party

Taziana Baresi - Vatican Conservative Party

Affiano Padovano - Vatican Conservative Party

Dafne Endrizzi - Vatican Conservative Party

Amerigo Trevisan - Vatican Conservative Party

Geremia Cremonesi - Vatican Conservative Party

Valente Lucchesi - Vatican Conservative Party

Manuel De Llucci - Vatican Conservative Party

Vincenzo Colombo - Vatican Conservative Party

Morgana Marino - Vatican Conservative Party

Cupido Mazzi - Vatican Conservative Party

Mauro Siciliani - Vatican Conservative Party

Adone Trentini - Vatican Conservative Party

Sante Lombardi - Vatican Democratic Party

Gianni Angelo - Vatican Democratic Party

Germana Endrizzi - Vatican Democratic Party

Gofreddo Lori - Vatican Democratic Party

Napolitano Procopio - Vatican Democratic Party

Rufina Bruno - Vatican Democratic Party

Olimpia Loggia - Vatican Democratic Party

Sergio Udinese - Vatican Democratic Party

Dalia Lorenzo - Vatican Democratic Party

Raimondo Longo - Vatican Democratic Party

Carmela Piazza - Vatican Green Movement Party

Boris Pisani - Vatican Green Movement Party

Giselda Gallo - Vatican Green Movement Party

Nazario Bergamaschi - Vatican Green Movement Party

Paola De Luca - Vatican Communist Party

Oberto Calabrese - Vatican Communist Party

Quirico Pugliesi - Vatican Communist Party

Alceo Genovesi - Vatican National Socialist Party

Gandolfo Lombardi - Vatican National Socialist Party

Adelmo Ferri - Vatican National Socialist Party